10 Tungsten Facts - W or Atomic Number 74

10 Tungsten Facts - W or Atomic Number 74 Tungsten (atomic number 74, element symbol W) is a steel-gray to silver-white metal, familiar to many people as the metal used in incandescent light bulb filaments. Its element symbol W derives from an old name for the element, wolfram. Here are 10 interesting facts about tungsten: Tungsten Facts Tungsten is element number 74 with atomic number 74 and atomic weight 183.84. It is one of the transition metals and has a valence of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In compounds, the most common oxidation state is VI. Two crystal forms are common. The body-centered cubic structure is more stable, but another metastable cubic structure may coexist with this form.The existence of tungsten was suspected in 1781, when Carl Wilhelm Scheele and T.O. Bergman made previously unknown tungstic acid from a material now called scheelite. In 1783, the Spanish brothers Juan  Josà © and Fausto DElhuyar isolated tungsten from wolframite ore and were credited with discovery of the element.The element name wolfram came from the name of the ore, wolframite, which derives from the German wolfs rahm, which means wolfs foam. It got this name because European tin smelters noticed the presence of wolframite in tin ore reduced the tin yield, appearing to eat tin like a wolf would devour sheep. What many people do not know is that the Delhuyar brothers actually proposed the name volfram for the element, as w was not used in the Spanish language at that point.  The element was known as wolfram in most European countries, but called tungsten (from Swedish tung sten meaning heavy stone, referencing the heaviness of scheelite ore) in English. In 2005, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry dropped the name wolfram entirely, to make the periodic table the same in all countries. This is probably one of the most highly disputed name changes made on the periodic table. Tungsten has the highest melting point of the metals (6191.6  °F or 3422  °C), lowest vapor pressure, and the highest tensile strength. Its density is comparable to that of gold and uranium and 1.7 times higher than that of lead. While the pure element may be drawn, extruded, cut, forged, and spun, any impurities make tungsten brittle and difficult to work.The element is conductive and resists corrosion, although metal specimens will develop a characteristic yellowish cast upon exposure to air. A rainbow oxide layer is also possible. It is the 4th hardest element, after carbon, boron, and chromium. Tungsten is susceptible to slight attack by acids, but resists alkali and oxygen.Tungsten is one of the five refractory metals. The other metals are niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, and rhenium. These elements are clustered near each other on the periodic table. Refractory metals are those which exhibit extremely high resistance to heat and wear.Tungsten is considered to have low toxicit y and plays a biological role in organisms. This makes it the heaviest element used in biochemical reactions. Certain bacteria use tungsten in an enzyme that reduces carboxylic acids to aldehydes. In animals, tungsten interferes with copper and molybdenum metabolism, so it is considered slightly toxic. Natural tungsten consists of five stable isotopes. These isotopes actually do undergo radioactive decay, but the half-lives are so long (four quintillion years) that they are stable for all practical purposes. At least 30 artificial unstable isotopes have also been recognized.Tungsten has many uses. It is used for filaments in electric lamps, in television and electron tubes, in metal evaporators, for electrical contacts, as an x-ray target, for heating elements, and in numerous high temperature applications. Tungsten is a common element in alloys, including tool steels. Its hardness and high density also make it an excellent metal for constructing penetrating projectiles. Tungsten metal is used for glass-to-metal seals. The elements compounds are used for fluorescent lighting, tanning, lubricants, and paints. Tungsten compounds find use as catalysts.Sources of tungsten include the minerals wolframite, scheelite, ferberite, and huebnertie. Its believed about 75% of the worlds supply of the element is found in China, although other ore deposits are known in the US, South Korea, Russia, Bolivia, and Portugal. The element is obtained by reducing tungsten oxide from the ore with either hydrogen or carbon. Producing the pure element is difficult, due to its high melting point.

Free Essays on My Living Experience In Usa

MY LIVING EXPERIENCE IN USA During the month of August 2000, I was in 11th grade in India. My father came home on august 11 and told me that we are now able to go to United States. I was so excited and I felt so happy at that particular moment. My father sent application to embassy and they also called us for visa appointment. We went for visa appointment and we were accepted. That was the nicest moments of my life. My heart was so excited, that I was unable to hold my happiness in my body. We started packing our bags to come here. On March 17th, 2001 my father came here. He traveled through plane for the first time in his life. My mother and my brother also came with them. I came late on May 3rd, 2001 here, because I had my 11th grade exams. On the evening of May 3rd I put my feet on land of United States of America, and my whole body was in joy and excitement. The air breeze through my body like a joy and happiness. This was a great experience in my life. This country was new for me and the people were new for me. The surroundings were new and the weather was new. The roads were new and the cars were new. So everything was different and new for me. I started learning the traditions and new rules about how people live here. My relatives were living here since last 20 years. They helped us to get settle here quickly. My father got job as Quality Inspector, much better than he had in India. First I started working as a Cashier at Stop & Shop supermarkets, which was my first work experience in my life and in U.S. This job helped me in lot of ways. First it gave me work experience, and I also came in different peoples’ touch. I learned ways about how people communicate in United States. After four months from my arrival to U.S. I was re enrolled in 11th grade. This was a total new experience for me. I was in different classrooms and I was among new students. My first day of school was very electrifying and very exciting. I mad... Free Essays on My Living Experience In Usa Free Essays on My Living Experience In Usa MY LIVING EXPERIENCE IN USA During the month of August 2000, I was in 11th grade in India. My father came home on august 11 and told me that we are now able to go to United States. I was so excited and I felt so happy at that particular moment. My father sent application to embassy and they also called us for visa appointment. We went for visa appointment and we were accepted. That was the nicest moments of my life. My heart was so excited, that I was unable to hold my happiness in my body. We started packing our bags to come here. On March 17th, 2001 my father came here. He traveled through plane for the first time in his life. My mother and my brother also came with them. I came late on May 3rd, 2001 here, because I had my 11th grade exams. On the evening of May 3rd I put my feet on land of United States of America, and my whole body was in joy and excitement. The air breeze through my body like a joy and happiness. This was a great experience in my life. This country was new for me and the people were new for me. The surroundings were new and the weather was new. The roads were new and the cars were new. So everything was different and new for me. I started learning the traditions and new rules about how people live here. My relatives were living here since last 20 years. They helped us to get settle here quickly. My father got job as Quality Inspector, much better than he had in India. First I started working as a Cashier at Stop & Shop supermarkets, which was my first work experience in my life and in U.S. This job helped me in lot of ways. First it gave me work experience, and I also came in different peoples’ touch. I learned ways about how people communicate in United States. After four months from my arrival to U.S. I was re enrolled in 11th grade. This was a total new experience for me. I was in different classrooms and I was among new students. My first day of school was very electrifying and very exciting. I mad...

Japan's Soft Power in Australia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Japan's Soft Power in Australia - Research Paper Example Significant points will be highlighted all through the research proposal. Several research questions will further help in enlightening the concept of Soft Power and how useful it can be for a country. The concept of Soft Power has been recently coined and it can change the fortune of a country within literally no time, Japan has benefitted a lot from their Soft Power in Australia. The healthy cooperation between the two countries is a very healthy and mutually dependent partnership. Japan is also competing with the likes of Korea and China for Asian supremacy and it is high time for them to grow by leaps and bounds in order to beat the competition presented by their rivals. This research is very significant because outlines the fact that hard power no longer works effectively and in order to maximize the gain this concept of Soft Power has been introduced. This proposal will mainly deal with intriguing questions that will throw light upon this delicate concept and how this is being made use of by several countries in order to establish themselves globally. The bonding between Japan and Australia is very evident and the two countries share a great relationship be it in business or for that matter any other field. These two nations have brought in a real revolution and the chemistry that they share has been named as a "Core" relationship by people who have taken a conspicuous notice of the relationship between the two countries. This core relationship is very enticing because it guarantees safety; the level of safety is much higher when compared to any other Asian nation. This paper will expansively present Japan's soft power in Australia; in addition to this the paper will also throw light upon Japanese cultural, economic and political influence to Australia and ideology especially after World War Two. There is a very healthy interdependence between Australia and Japan, Australia plays a pivotal role in equipping Japan with necessary resources and energy security. 22 % of Japan's energy needs are taken care of by Australia. This interdependence is extremely important for both countries in order to maintain a healthy relationship with all the other countries located in and around the vicinity. "Former Western Australian premier Geoff Gallop, now an academic at Murdoch University, made exactly this point: "Our growing links to China and India [should be] put into the context of our long-term and still developing partnerships with Japan. In all of our thinking about Asian engagement we cannot ignore the strength of our links to Japan. We share democratic values, face similar demographic and social challenges, and have many interests in common in respect of regional and international issues." (Beyond the Mainstream) Methodology This research will employ the methodology of research; main focus will be on the statistics and facts. How Japan and Australia have benefitted out of this relationship will be proved by the help of several examples and most importantly focus will also be on what it takes to establish Soft Power in another country and what problems the same is capable of creating. Japan's economic political and other important aspects are pivotal and they will be taken into account in this research. The resurgence of Japan

Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Memo - Essay Example The audience intended through this letter is the people of Colorado who have a negative attitude regarding federal laws as being unjust and applied selectively and are interested in knowing the local laws and how the federal government impacts on them. I expect my audience to possess knowledge about drug abuse and the legislations in place regarding cultivation, importation and possession of drugs. They should also know the penalties applicable if prosecuted by the federal government or the state. The author assumed that Bartkowicz was unfairly charged as amendment 20 should have been used instead of the federal drug laws as the federal government had tolerated amendment 20 for over a decade. In this sense, he felt the amendment should be done away with. My response is that Bartkowitcz lacked understanding of amendment 20 and had contravened the Colorado state laws as well as the federal drug law hence was accused justly and even if he was allowed to use amendment 20 as defense, it would be of no use to him. He thus has a case to answer. The tone of the response discourages the audience in using state laws as scapegoat in avoiding prosecution. Although Bartkowicz was to be given stiff penalty, he deserved it for contravening drug law and cultivating marijuana which is harmful to health. The letter is easy for the audience to comprehend and make own judgment regarding the case but the Drug laws need to be elaborated so that they can fully understand. In response to Vincent Carroll’s article that appeared in the Denver Post on 9/22/2010, some aspects of the controversy between federal government laws and state laws regarding drug abuse is brought into light. I analyzed some aspects of the case against Bartkowicz regarding marijuana cultivation and use. My response will stress on the differences and similarities between federal law

History Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History Analysis - Essay Example Imperialism is also always associated with the autocratic rule of the empires (Johnston, â€Å"The Dictionary of Human Geography†). The term ‘empire’ basically denotes those nations, which have or had many of the countries or territories under its control. Few of the leading imperialist nations include Great Britain, United States of America, Russia and France. It is commonly perceived by the experts of the discipline that imperialism has greatly affected the development and the normal standard of living in the subordinate countries for ages. Even after the dominating countries moved back from the conquered nations, the after affects of imperialism continued in lieu of the plights of the citizens of those nations. Among the global imperial powers, Britain deserves special mention. It is often a food for thought for the research scholars that how could such a small nation of Europe successfully rule almost all of the world for years. The history of British Empire builds up as it establishes relationship with Ireland, the America, the Caribbean Islands and India. Great Britain also had deep past of rivalry with the other imperial nations like that of the Netherlands, Portugal, France and Spain. The ‘credit’ of setting up of slave trade also goes to the British Empire of West Indies (the Caribbean) and Africa. Apart from slavery, which is considered as the height of all oppressions, the ill effects of imperialism can also be understood through in-depth study of British Raj in India. One of the fast emerging economies and most promising democracies of the present world, India had been under British rule from 1757 till 1947. Great Britain built relationship with India through trade and formed British East India Company. Soon from the company, the powers were transferred to the government of UK. A country with huge stock of natural resources, India was virtually robbed of its resources. The scholars of the arena remarked

What Causes The Greenhouse Effect Environmental Sciences Essay

What Causes The Greenhouse Effect Environmental Sciences Essay Global warming is an ecological problem that is currently believed to be affecting the Earths environment. Global warming is the gradual increase of the Earths atmospheric temperature. It is caused by the Greenhouse Effect, which is the investment of heat in Earths atmosphere by particular gases, like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). This containment of the gases holds the heat in the Earths atmosphere because it allows the light from the sun to pass through, but it absorbs the heat exuded back from the Earths surface. Cellular respiration contributes to the problem of global warming, because through its processes it takes in oxygen gas and then exhales carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis helps to prevent this problem, though, because it does the opposite of cellular respiration; it takes in carbon dioxide and then yields oxygen gas (O2). Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing certain food molecules, like glucose, to produce carbon dioxide and water. There are three main processes within cellular respiration: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Each process plays a significant role in harvesting energy from the food molecules and producing ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is a high energy molecule that is used for energy consuming activities throughout cells. Cellular respiration takes place in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, as well. Glycolysis is the catabolism of carbohydrates by specific enzymes with the discharge of energy and manufacture of pyruvic (or lactic) acid. It occurs in the cytosol of a cell, unlike the other two processes of cellular respiration. Glycolysis can occur in the absence of oxygen, which is called fermentation, but since this procedure doesnt yield a high amount of energy it isnt as practical as the aerobic process. Glycolysis phosphorylates the glucose by adding two phosphates to the molecule at the expense of two ATP molecules; the glucose is then split into two 3-carbon compounds, and the 3-carbon molecules go through a series of different steps to produce pyruvate. Acetyl-CoA is fashioned from the pyruvate, which then enters the second process of cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle. Unlike glycolysis, the Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria of a cell. The Krebs cycle is a series of processes that entirely oxidizes the Acetyl-CoA molecule. The cycle must be completed two times to yield four carbon dioxide molecules, six NADH molecules, two ATP molecules, and two FADH2 molecules. The Krebs cycle requires oxygen to be present to occur, making it aerobic. The procedure following the Krebs cycle is the electron transport chain, which consists of a series of special enzyme proteins that shuttle electrons from NADH to a terminal electron acceptor, such as oxygen (McGraw-Hill, 2006). Through a series of redox reactio ns, a gradient is formed, and, moreover, ATP is produced. All of these processes demonstrate the inner workings of cellular respiration, and show how it uses oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. The exhalation of carbon dioxide during cellular respiration is mixed into the air, adding to the already present amount within the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a main ingredient for greenhouse gas, which helps to not allow heat to escape from the Earths atmosphere. As long as living organisms undergo respiration (the metabolism of sugars to produce energy for basic metabolic needs), or as organisms die and decompose, carbon compounds are going to be broken down and are going to add CO2  to the atmosphere (Barbalace, 2006). Photosynthesis has quite the opposite effect. By dictionary definition, photosynthesis is the  synthesis  of  organic  compounds  from  carbon dioxide and water (with the release of oxygen) using light energy absorbed by chlorophyll. The overall reaction that occurs during photosynthesis is that six water molecules are added to six carbon dioxide molecules to yield glucose and six oxygen molecules. Photosynthesis usually occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Carbon dioxide enters the leaves of plants through stomata, which are minuscule  orifices in  the  epidermis  of  leaves, and oxygen gas exits out of the same passageway. There are two main parts of photosynthesis, the light dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. The former requires light to operate, while the latter are light independent, or dark, reactions. In the light dependent reactions, the energy received from light is changed into energy that is carried by electrons; the electrons are then pi cked up by  electron transport systems,  that use the energy to produce ATP and another molecule called NADPH. Those two products are used in the next process of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle. In this cycle, carbon dioxide is integrated into a five carbon molecule that is called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP), and then in a series of chemical reactions, hydrogens and electrons from the NADPH are progressively added to form an uncomplicated, energy rich, phosphorylated carbohydrate called GP3, or PGAL (Decelles, 2002). These products are then used to make glucose, among other carbohydrates. This displays how photosynthesis rearranges the atoms of carbon dioxide molecules and water molecules to create new carbohydrates, which plants then use to supply their cells with energy. Photosynthesis converts the raw materials of CO2 and H2O into oxygen gas, which benefits the atmosphere and helps to slow down global warming. It recycles the carbon dioxide cellular respiration emits into a molecule that is no longer a greenhouse gas constituent. Global warming itself is an extremely controversial topic. A few believe that it does not pose a real problem, although quite a lot of believe that it does. Global warming is the assertion that the environment of Earth is slowly heating up, and as a result, the organisms inhabiting it will eventually be dramatically affected. The Greenhouse Effect is what occurs when heat is trapped, and increases when more heat energy is supplemented. When talking about global warming, the greenhouse effect is set in the parameter of Earths atmosphere. The greenhouse effect occurs planet wide when solar radiation either bounces off of or is radiated forth from the Earth, and instead of passing through the atmosphere and outward into space, is absorbed by all kinds of extra amounts of and extraneous gases and particles (The Greenhouse Effect, 2010). Cellular respiration contributes to the extraneous gases, while photosynthesis helps to prevent the growing amounts, although other sources of carbon dio xide are decreasing the photosynthetic reactions affect. At one point, the pollution of carbon dioxide from cellular respiration and the conversion of carbon dioxide into oxygen gas were seemingly equal. A sort of equilibrium was reached between the two processes, with photosynthesis appearing to cancel out the outwardly harmful effects of cellular respiration. As of recently, though, manmade pollution has been affecting our atmosphere, adding more carbon dioxide into the ozone along with that emitted from cellular respiration. The primary cause of global warming is carbon dioxide emissions; carbon dioxide is being pumped into our atmosphere at an alarmingly face pace; eight billion tons of carbon dioxide entered the air just last year.   (Causes of Global Warming, 2010). It does not help that trees are being chopped down for logging, development, and other purposes, so there is less carbon dioxide being removed from the atmosphere, causing its levels to rise. There is more carbon dioxide being released into the air than is being convert ed into oxygen through photosynthetic reactions. This unequal release of gasses into the Earths atmosphere is what poses the environmental problem of global warming. The Earth was built to sustain the effects of cellular respiration, but fossil fuels excessively being burned, trees being cut down, and cellular respiration emit too much carbon dioxide for the Earth to recycle.

NAFTA Destroyed Employment Essay examples -- Free Trade, Globalization

NAFTA and the North American Worker The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed into law on December 8, 1993 by former President Bill Clinton. The goal was to facilitate trade between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada by eliminating tariffs on goods traded between them, but it was also about creating jobs. William Orme (1996) affirmed, â€Å"From the beginning, the Bush Administration said NAFTA was about three things: ‘jobs, jobs, jobs’† (p. 112). The trade agreement was sold to the workers of North America with the promise of better jobs, higher pay, and faster growth, but it did not turn out this way for workers in the U.S., for workers in Mexico, or for workers in Canada. According to the Economic Policy Institute, instead of an increase in better paying jobs in the U.S., over a million jobs were lost in ten years with a decrease in wages for many workers with less than a college education (Scott, Salas, & Campbell, 2006). The Mexican economy that NAFTA was expected to prop up has become one of cheap labor used to assemble imported goods into final products for export. James Cypher (2011) confirmed: â€Å"NAFTA has permanently tied Mexico to a low-wage export strategy† (p. 62). In Canada, the once generous social welfare programs granted to workers and citizens alike have been reduced since NAFTA was ratified. The U.S. Worker Although the impact has been less due to the size of the U.S. economy, the U.S. worker has still been adversely affected since NAFTA was implemented. This has been mainly due to the growing trade deficits with Mexico and Canada that have arisen after the agreement became law. The high-paying jobs of U.S. workers in industries that manufacture and export goods have been displaced as a result of more g... ...ited?. The International Economy, 22(3), 24-35. Retrieved from Research Library. (Document ID: 1554987891). Bacon, D. (2004). The children of NAFTA: Labor wars on the U.S./Mexico border. Berkeley: University of California Press. Cypher, J. M. (2011). MEXICO SINCE NAFTA: Elite Delusions and the Reality of Decline. New Labor Forum (Murphy Institute), 20(3), 60-69. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. MacArthur, J. R. (2000). The selling of "free trade": NAFTA, Washington, and the subversion of American democracy. New York: Hill and Wang. Orme, W. A. (1996). Understanding NAFTA: Mexico, free trade, and the new North America. Austin: University of Texas Press. Scott, R. E., Salas, C., & Campbell, B. (2006). Revisiting NAFTA: Still not working for North America’s workers. Economic Policy Institute. EPI Briefing Paper #173. Retrieved from http://www.epi.org/publication/bp173/.